现在分词表示主动的意思,过去分词表示被动的意思;现在分词所表示的动作往往正在进行,过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。现在分词和过去分词在句子中可以作谓语、表语、定语、补足语和状语。使役动词现在分词表示人或物的本身特征;过去分词表示人或物的心情或状态等。
过去分词的用法
过去分词作定语的用法:
单个的过去分词作定语一般都放在修饰词之前,而过去分词短语作定语则一般都出现被修饰词之后。
the frightened kid hid himself behind the door, holding his breath.那个受了惊吓的孩子把自己藏在门后,屏住自己的呼吸。
过去分词作表语的用法:
过去分词作表语一般来说都比较简单,很多时候这些过去分词就直接被认为是一个独的形容词。
when i got home, i was really exhausted.到家的时候,我已筋疲力尽。
过去分词作补语的用法:
don't lie to me. i saw you beaten.(过去分词作宾补)你就别骗我了。我看到人家打你。
she stood in front of me, disappointed.(过去分词作主补)她站在我面前,一副失望的样子。
过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。
the meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。
用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。
the boy looked up with a pleased satisfied expression.男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
现在分词的用法
(一)作定语
动词现在分词单独作定语,通常放在所修饰词前。例如:
the sleeping boy is tom.
现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面,意思同定语从句差不多。例如 :
tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.
现在分词可相当于非限制性定语,常用逗号分开。例如:
tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill.
有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。例如:
this is an english-speaking country.
(二)作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。例如:the story is moving.
(三)现在分词在句中作宾语补足语,这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。例如:
we all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系)
i saw mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系)
(四)作状语
现在分词作状语,其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语,如果不是,需在v-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。
作原因状语,相当于原因状语从句。例如:
being ill, mary didn't come to school yesterday.
作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句。例如:
seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking.
如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生,常在现在分词前加上when或while。例如:
while waiting for the plane, i had a long talk with simon.
作条件状语。
v-ing 形式作条件状语时,相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:
working harder, you'll be no. 1 in your class.
作让步状语,相当于让步状语从句。例如:
weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.
作结果状语。例如:
he died, leaving nothing but debts.
作伴随状语或方式状语。例如:
he sat by the roadside, begging.
(五)现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如 :
having finished his homework, he left the classroom.
(六) 现在分词的被动式
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,用v-ing 形式的被动式。例如:
the factory being built now is a big one.
(七) 现在分词的否定形式是由“not 现在分词”构成。例如:
not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home.
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